As an amateur cyclist Robert Bouloux won back-to-back team time trial titles at the French championships in 1967 and 1968. These results earned Bouloux a place on the Olympic team for the 1968 Mexico City Games, where he finished 15th in the same event with his compatriots. The following year he turned professional, winning stages at both the Tour of Corsica and the Tour de l’Oise. He also won a stage at the 1972 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré. From 1969 to 1977 Bouloux rode in seven editions of the Tour de France, including as a teammate of Eddy Merckx in the 1977 edition, finishing six editions, with a best GC classification of 20th in 1976.