Wrestling

Wrestling is the most ancient known competitive sport. Wrestling was introduced into the Ancient Olympic Games in 708 BCE, shortly after the Games’ recorded history begins in 776 BCE. Ancient Olympic champions are recorded from Eurybatos of Sparta (708 BCE) through Aurelius Aelix of Phoenicia (213 CE). The most titled champions at Olympia were Milon of Kroton, who won five titles in wrestling (532‑516 BCE) and one in boys’ wrestling (540 BCE), and Hipposthenes of Sparta, who also won five wrestling titles (624‑608 BCE) and one boys’ wrestling title (632 BCE) at Ancient Olympia.

Only in 1900 has wrestling not been on the Olympic Program. There are four main forms of amateur competitive wrestling practiced in the world – Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling, judo wrestling, and sombo wrestling. Judo is considered a separate sport at the Olympics. Sombo is a combination of freestyle and judo and is most popular in the Asian republics of the former Soviet Union, but it has not yet been contested in the Olympics.

Currently, both freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling are contested at the Olympics and both have been held since 1920. Prior to that (except in 1908), only one form was used, usually Greco-Roman. Freestyle wrestling is similar to American collegiate style, or folkstyle wrestling. Holds are relatively unlimited, provided they are not dangerous, and can be applied to any part of the body. Greco-Roman wrestling limits holds to the upper body. Women’s freestyle wrestling was added to the Olympic Program in 2004 at Athina.

The dominant country in wrestling has been the Soviet Union and its former republics, especially in Greco-Roman style. The United States is close to the Soviets in freestyle, however. Other nations that produce good wrestlers include Iran, Turkey, Japan, and Mongolia. Eight wrestlers have won three Olympic gold medals, with Aleksandr Karelin (URS/EUN/RUS) also winning a silver medal. Among women, Kaori Icho (JPN) has won four consecutive gold medals from 2004-16, with her countrywoman, Saori Yoshida, winning three golds (2004-12) and a silver medal in 2016.

The wrestling international federation, United World Wrestling (UWW), was formed in 1921 and had 176 affiliated nations as of 2020. Its original named was the International Amateur Wrestling Federation (IAWF). The organization was renamed to International Federation of Amateur Wrestling in 1952 and to Fédération internationale des luttes associées (FILA) in 1994 and to its current name in September 2014.

The forerunner of the UWW was the Internationale Ring Verband which was formed in 1912 at the Stockholm Olympics and was the first organization only responsible for wrestling. Before 1921 wrestling was also governed by the Amateur Athleten Weltunion (1905-07), the Internationaler Weltverband für Schwerathletik (1913-20), and the Internationaler Kraftsportverband (1920-21), which not only governed wrestling, but also boxing, tug-of-war, weight throwing, and weightlifting.